The Fifth Estate

The Fifth Estate The Fifth Estate The Fifth Estate By Maeve Maddox A movie about Julian Assange, the man who founded a website devoted to leaking information that governments wish to keep secret, is called The Fifth Estate. Most modern speakers associate the word estate with various types of property, for example, a grand house with extensive grounds the assets left by a deceased person a housing development The word estate in the expression fifth estate originates from a much earlier use of the word: An order or class regarded as part of the body politic, and as such participating in the government either directly or through its representatives. The earliest reference to this meaning of estate in the OED is dated 1380 when John Wyclif asserted that people belong to three categories ordained by God: priests, knights, and the â€Å"commons.† The concept evolved differently in different European countries, but the essential idea was to view society in terms of who had a voice in government. In England, the three estates came to be defined as Lords Spiritual (high-ranking clergy like bishops), Lords Temporal (nobility), and Commons. In France, the three estates were Clergy, Nobles, and Townsmen. A few European countries, like Sweden, recognized four estates, but it’s the three-estate concept that explains the development of the English expression fifth estate, A fact to keep in mind about the medieval third estate is that it did not include everyone who did not belong to the first two estates. The third estate was made up of wealthy landowners and merchants. The portion of the population that lacked rank or wealth lacked a political voice as well. The term fourth estate was coined in the 18th century as a figurative expression to label the sector of the population that exists outside the circle of established political power. Nowadays, the fourth estate has become a synonym for the Press, but in 1752, Fielding identified the fourth estate with â€Å"the Mob.† Various individuals and groups were referred to as â€Å"the fourth estate† before the term finally settled on the Press. Newspapers won the term because they were perceived as the voice of the politically or socially disenfranchised. If newspapers have sold out and become a part of the Establishment, then strictly speaking, the coinage â€Å"fifth estate† is unncessary. The mantle should simply be taken from the traditional Press and passed on to the Internet. However, maybe the term does represent something new. Perhaps the role of the fifth estate is not to provide everyone with a voice in government, but to provide a means of undermining government. So far, the meaning of fifth estate remains blurry. The earliest reference to its use in the OED refers to the medium of radio and is dated 1932. In a 1955 reference, the fifth estate is equated with trade unions. Only ten uses of fifth estate occur in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) for the years 1990-2012. Six of those citations refer to the title of a television program. The Assange movie will doubtless have the effect of turning fifth estate into a buzz word. How the term’s figurative meaning will evolve remains to be seen. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsList of Greek Words in the English LanguageKn- Words in English

Please Don't Let Me Die Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Please Don't Let Me Die - Assignment Example The most probable reason for this was that the institution was profit oriented and wanted to make more profits while offering bad services to the patients visiting the institution. In addition, the institution was also working with limited resources as witnessed in the number of staff employed to work in the hospital (Mohr, 1999). Their profit oriented goals made them to cut budgets that would have been allocated to the company as they were eager to make profits while incurring less or no losses at all. The nurses’ professional constraint was that they did not take their work seriously as they failed to administer care to the patient who was in dire pain and urgent need of care. The failed to notice his cries for help as they did rush to the patient’s aid when he cried please dont let me die. The nurses were found culpable in spite of the nursing home being under staffed because they failed to administer their services in a good, accurate and rational way to the patient who was in need of their help. The patient had complained of abdominal pain ten hours before his death, but the nurses did not administer to him. Being that there were only three nurses, and there were over one hundred patients visiting the institution, they were probably worn out from working long hours hence they could not be able to fully administer fully to the patients who were coming for various health and nursing care. Alternatively, they were not motivated because they were being under paid because of the profit oriented nature of the institution which had employed them. Provision 6 â€Å"The nurse participants in establishing, maintaining, and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conducive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective actions† Plays a role in the case

Symbolism often compliments the plot and crimes that may occur. By Essay

Symbolism often compliments the plot and crimes that may occur. By analyzing the use of symbolism in Reservoir Dogs ( the screenplay) what do we learn about crime - Essay Example h symbolic meaning which directly catalyzes more significant comprehension of the content and implications of the complete work as a portrayal of humanity and criminality. The use of uniforms, the application and use of color-coded nicknames by core characters, and the tortuous removal of Marvin Nash’s ear are examples of Tarantino’s use of symbolism to enhance the dimensionality of the work as they reveal key insights into the story dynamic. The most immediate introduction of symbolism within â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† occurs in the introductory scene in which the characters are described as wearing black suits as they sit around the cafà © table. Though subtle, this uniformity of dress is a factor which prevails throughout the vast majority of the later screenplay. This neo-noir style attire, which hearkens back to accepted aspects of the classic cinematic criminal archetype, is applied to the core characters and impacts the overall story significantly. The uniform used by these thieves reveals the tentative cohesiveness of the group and draws a distinction between them and the police in subsequent scenes, effectively setting both groups apart from general society, or as Mr. Pink remarks, â€Å"real people† (Tarantino, p.13). However, this is not the only area in which the symbolic value of the criminal uniform impacts the overall screenplay. A lack of uniform description in scenes which introduce and explain the involvement of individual characters signifies their previous separation and tentative civilian status. Additionally, this definitive division between the thieves and the police intensifies the sense of betrayal which arises from the revelation of Mr. Orange/ Freddy Newendyke’s duplicitous role within the group beginning in scene 25 (Tarantino, p.56). Tarantino continues his incorporation of symbolism in the use of color coded nicknames by core characters in the context of the screenplay which succeeds in achieving several key effects on the story and

Change of Social Status of women in society Essay

Change of Social Status of women in society - Essay Example The norms differ culture to culture and religion to religion, however no religion in the world commands degradation of any sex physically or psychologically. The underscore of this dissertation is the story "Another evening at the club" by Alifa Rifaat (1983), revolving around a Muslim girl. The writer skillfully uses the body language and gestures to illustrate the traditions and customs of the family therefore highlighting male dominance in the content. It is an excellent example of women being influenced by men, the role changes from father to husband but the prejudice is intact. The society is constructed of cultural norms, traditions and religious beliefs, illustrating a concept of specific roles for men and women, which are widely accepted often unconsciously. All such principles governing the society, often enforced through social institutions like schools, families and workplaces accentuate ascendancy of men over women. In many areas there is no concern regarding womens education, civil rights, the girls are married off young to men double their ages. Families bearing multiple daughters feel indebted to any suitor that might come to them, especially ones that are not financially secure. As depicted in the story where the suitor asserts a dowry priced in accordance to the young girls beauty. The girls family is showed to be obliged by his gesture. According to the article Social Status of Women (ch.2) such practices are common in various communities; a bride price system quite similar to the dowry system is present in areas of Western hills and Indo-Arya n communities. Similarly another custom called Tilak; in which the brides price is conferred and presented to the grooms family before marriage, is practiced in the Maithili communities of Western Terai. In earlier times the dowry used to consist of simple household supplies and clothes, however in recent times the trends are

Cultural, Spiritual And Psychosocial Health Assessment Essay

Cultural, Spiritual And Psychosocial Health Assessment - Essay Example This essay discusses that cultural, spiritual and psychosocial assessment of a patient occurs after the health assessment where the nurse determines the possible causes of the patient’s condition. If the situation is an emergency, little or no social assessment of the patient is carried out as the health assessment is always the first priority of the nurse and the doctors. During a health assessment, asking the patient of their past medical condition is the first thing that nurses must do so as to find any possibilities of a recurrent health condition or relation of the current illness to the previous ones. The patient’s health is more important than their background or beliefs. An example is pain assessment where the nurse determines the location and amount of pain then he or she can prescribe pain drugs. After treating an urgent condition, the nurses then conduct the other parts of their assessment which now includes the cultural, spiritual and psychosocial aspects. T his only occurs after the patient is stable to conduct a conversation.This paper highlights that  the assessment of the patients’ health and general condition involves a number of questions. The answers given by the patient give the nurses a clear insight of the life of their patient and this enables them help them in any way possible to improve not only their health status but also their well being. Each question that a nurse poses to their patient must have boundaries and must be in line with the code of ethics of a nurse.... However, the main tools that nurses must put in use are good virtues and a sense of understanding of the patient. Virtues that give the patient comfort and trust when conversing with the nurse are tools used to guide through the assessment. A cultural assessment on a patient is mainly carried out through a series of questions and this may involve both the patient and the family so as to get a clear approach during the patients care. A nurse should have special guesses of the background of their patent so as to develop a sense of reasoning with the patient and to avoid getting shocked while the patient answers questions. The first question involving culture must be on if the patient has used any form of traditional treatment before and if the patient is comfortable with the whole treatment given to them. This question allows the nurses and the doctors to conduct their work without any conflict from the patient regarding some forms of treatment. For instance asking a patient if he or s he is okay with surgery before hand is important as some culture do not permit any surgery. (Giger, & Davidhizar, 2004) Moreover, spiritual assessment is a vital part of any health assessment of a patient. This form of assessment is mostly observed and conducted in patients who have serious illnesses especially those with no definite cure or to patients who have gone through traumatizing experiences that landed them in hospital. The purpose spiritual assessment serves is to provide the nurse with a person who they can relate and pour their troubles and thoughts to. Spiritual assessment must involve physical presence of the nurse and a form of good communication where the patient can discuss deep issues and get relief through the nurse.

Australian waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Australian waste - Essay Example The most polluted sites in Australia include transport sites, roadsides, park/waterfront areas, rivers and creeks, school grounds, coastal/beach areas, as well as shops and malls. A recent trend exists that seeks to move away from burying and burning of waste in Australia towards its reuse and recycling. This shift towards sustainable development and conservation ideals with regards to waste disposal, as well as policies aimed at recycling, reusing, reduction of generation, and extraction of energy from the waste have caught on in Australia. Since the 1990s, household waste recycling has become more popular. Reasons for this trend can be explained by the presence of kerbside recycling; raising commodity prices, as well as increased levies for land fill services to prohibitive levels. However, mobile phones have introduced a new dilemma since they contain harmful products. This has necessitated novel ways of disposal. AUSTRALIAN WASTE Australia generates approximately one tonne of was te every year that is sent into a landfill. After the United States and Israel, Australia ranks as the third largest producers of landfill among developed countries. Significantly, most of this waste is resultant from goods that Australians do not even use with waste of over $10.5 billion per year occurring. This habit has begun developing in the early 20th century as ideas of convenience and hygiene gave rise to disposable products, which was justified because the consumer was assured of un-contaminated products. Buying into disposability is easy because new products are cheaper than fixing a broken one. However, this kind of disposability is a fantasy that exists because Australians do not have to see, smell, or handle their waste. This is unlike natural systems where waste is critical in the maintenance of life and, therefore, is not removed, but used as a resource for another system. While organic material in nature can decompose and be used to create something new, this is not possible for industrial objects. It, therefore, becomes important to recognize the regenerative power that waste can have. Australia’s recycling habits, however, have been improving, although there is room for improvement. The most important waste management principle, including recycling, repair, reuse, and reduce, is refuse. Australians are encouraged not to buy a lot of products to begin with since the realization of a sustainable environment also needs a reduction in consumption (O'Connor, 2007). For fourteen years, plastics make up the majority of waste collected in Australia with 31.75 of all collected waste being plastics. Miscellaneous items like cigarette butts made up 17.7% of all rubbish. Metal, especially aluminium ranked third at 14.6%, followed by glass at 13.1%, and finally paper at fifth accounting for 12.6% of all collected rubbish (Australia Bureau of Stastistics, 2007). Other material included polystyrene and rubber. These are the major sources of rubbish i n Australia. When it comes to rubbish items, cigarette butts rank first accounting for 29.6% of items surveyed. Alcoholic beverage containers made of glass were second with 5.4%. The other rubbish items in order of prevalence include confectionary and plastic chip bags, plastic bottle caps, pieces of glass, PET drink containers, metal items, especially aluminium, and paper. The most polluted sites in Australia include transport sites,

Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Violence - Research Paper Example In the modern world, the beliefs and attitudes and that parents possess are formed mostly by interacting with those people who are in their society and based on what they read (Walsh, 2002). As a result, people have differing views towards corporal punishment today when compared to traditionalists. The purpose of this paper is to undertake a critique on the article titled Spankers and Nonspankers by Wendy Walsh, and propose the mechanisms that should have been adopted in order to make the research exercise an effective one. This way it will be clearer as to whether spanking is appropriate or inappropriate to be practiced as a means of disciplining young children. Spanking is adopted in many families as a common practice though it subjects children to risks that are associated with its side effects. As a result, it is treated as an inappropriate mechanism of managing behavior. Therefore, before embarking on spanking, it is essential for one to seek relevant advice on its appropriateness towards moulding the behavior of children. The study related to the article adopted the health belief model. Here, spankers and nonspankers were investigated based on the spanking messages that were given to them from a total of eight sources of the information. They were also supposed to reveal the relevance that they attributed to the messages (Walsh, 2002). The data that was aimed at facilitating for the study was gathered from telephone interviews that were conducted in 998 mothers who had children that were aged between 2 and 14 years (Walsh, 2002). After an analysis of the data was carried out, it was revealed that 33 percent of the mothers rated the information that they received from magazines, newspapers, workshops and pediatricians as very important. At most 15 percent of the mothers rated relatives, parents and friends as very important (Walsh, 2002). The people who were aligned towards